In just three days, opposition fighters captured Syria’s second-largest city, Aleppo, after the stunning collapse of government forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad.

Leading the offensive was Abu Mohammed al-Golani, who stands at the head of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), a group that has become the most powerful armed opposition force in Syria.

Perhaps in an attempt to shake his growing reputation, a photo circulated online on Monday, purporting that al-Golani had been killed in a Russian strike, news that was quickly debunked as the photo was found to be doctored.

He is now front and centre as his forces look to consolidate control over Aleppo and capture more territory in Syria.

Here’s a closer look at al-Golani:

Present

As the founder of HTS, al-Golani has nearly a decade sought to dissociate himself from other armed forces and their focus on transnational operations, switching instead to focusing on creating an “Islamic republic” in Syria.

Since 2016, he has been positioning himself and his group as credible caretakers of a Syria liberated from al-Assad, who brutally repressed a popular uprising during the Arab Spring in 2011, leading to a war that has gone on ever since.

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HTS ran the governorate of Idlib via the Syrian Salvation Government, which it established in 2017 to provide civil services, education, healthcare, a judiciary and infrastructure as well as manage finances and aid distribution

However, HTS also rules with a heavy hand and does not tolerate dissent, according to activists, news reports and local monitors.

Independent journalism organisation Syria Direct reports that HTS is behind the disappearances of activists and has shot live ammunition at protesters who accuse the group of denying services to communities that oppose it.

Past

He was born Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa in 1982 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, where his father worked as a petroleum engineer

The family returned to Syria in 1989, settling near Damascus.

Little is known of his time in Damascus before his move in 2003 to Iraq, where he joined al-Qaeda in Iraq as part of the resistance to the United States invasion that same year.

Arrested by US forces in Iraq in 2006 and held for five years, al-Golani was later tasked with establishing al-Qaeda’s branch in Syria, al-Nusra Front, which grew its influence in opposition-held areas, especially Idlib.

Al-Golani coordinated in those early years with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, head of al-Qaeda’s “Islamic State in Iraq”, which later became ISIL (ISIS).

In April 2013, al-Baghdadi suddenly announced that his group was cutting ties with al-Qaeda and would expand into Syria, effectively swallowing al-Nusra Front into a new group called ISIL.

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Al-Golani rejected this change, maintaining his allegiance to al-Qaeda.

A man purported to be Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, with whom al-Golani established al-Nusra Front in Syria [Social media website via Reuters]

During his first televised interview in 2014, he told Al Jazeera that Syria should be ruled under his group’s interpretation of “Islamic law” and the country’s minorities, such as Christians and Alawis would not be accommodated.

In the following years, al-Golani appeared to distance himself from al-Qaeda’s project of establishing a “global caliphate” in all Muslim-majority countries, seeming to focus instead on building up his group within Syria’s borders.

The split appeared to be a bid, according to analysts, to stress his group’s national, as opposed to transnational, ambitions to groups in Idlib.

Then in July 2016, Aleppo fell to the regime and the armed groups there started to head to Idlib, which was still opposition-held. Around the same time, al-Golani announced that his group had changed to Jabhat Fateh al-Sham.

By early 2017, thousands of fighters poured into Idlib fleeing Aleppo and al-Golani announced the merging of a number of those groups with his own to form HTS.

The stated aim of HTS is to liberate Syria from Assad’s autocratic government, “expelling Iranian militias” from the country and establishing a state according to their own interpretation of “Islamic law”, according to the Centre for Strategic and International Studies think-tank in Washington, DC.

Future

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As opposition fighters retook Aleppo and moved south, al-Golani appears to have taken a more accommodating stance towards Syria’s minorities.

Since capturing Aleppo, the group has offered assurances that religious and ethnic minorities will be protected.

Opposition fighters fire towards Syrian army troops on the outskirts of Aleppo on November 29, 2024, during an offensive by HTS and its allies [Bakr Alkasem/AFP]

According to Hassan Hassan, a Syrian expert on armed groups in the Levant, al-Golani wants to brand HTS as a credible governing entity in Syria and a possible partner in global counterterrorism efforts.

In Idlib, he sought to partner with other armed opposition groups, such as Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zinki, Liwa al-Haq and Jaysh al-Sunna, according to CSIS, and to avoid earlier allies, like Hurras al-Din, the new al-Qaeda branch in Syria.

HTS is currently labelled a “terrorist” organisation by the United Nations, Turkiye, the US and European Union.

Al-Golani has said this designation is unfair since his group has renounced its past allegiances in favour of a national one.

Irrespective of al-Golani’s stated domestic ambitions, as the head of the biggest opposition armed group in Syria, his impact on the country will echo nationally and internationally.